VitD supplementation and serum levels should be closely monitored in this high-risk population. However, infants receiving recommended amounts born at earlier GA and lower BW are at increased risk of NC. VitD supplementation per AAP guidelines resulted in acceptable serum 25-hydroxyVitD levels, but no improvement in BMD or BMC compared to previously reported values. There were no differences in VitD intake, urine calcium/creatinine ratios or BMD and BMC in infants with versus without NC. Infants with NC had lower GA ( p < 0.01) and BW ( p < 0.01) and increased presence of calcium oxalate crystals (78% vs. 23/56 (41%) infants were diagnosed with NC. DEXA scan showed average BMD 0.13 g/cm 2 and BMC 35.8 g. Resultsĥ6 infants received on average 447 IU/day of VitD with average serum 25-hydoxy VitD level 39.6 ng/mL.

Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Demographics, dietary intakes, serum 25-hydroxy VitD levels and weekly urinalyses were collected until 40 weeks corrected GA or discharge.

Prospective, observational cohort study of 56 infants with GA ≤ 32 weeks or BW ≤ 1800 g. The relationships between VitD supplementation, serum 25-hydroxy VitD levels, bone density, hypercalciuria and development of NC in preterm infants are not well established. NC has been reported in 7–64% infants < 32 weeks gestational age (GA) or < 1500 g birth weight (BW). Complications of VitD supplementation include hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (NC). Vitamin D (VitD) supplementation is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for preterm infants to improve bone density.

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